Load the silicon wafers next to the sources with the. Note down the observation of voltage and current in table 1. Solar cell is a key device that converts the light energy into the electrical energy in photovoltaic energy conversion. The resting step before thermal annealing is critical to achieving highquality perovskite films. Solar cell, also called photovoltaic cell, any device that directly converts the energy of light into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. Solar energy is abundant, in exhaustible, clean, and cheap. Solar thermal heating is the result of the whole solar. The solar cell is the basic building block of solar photovoltaics. Htm for cspbi br perovskite solar cells supporting information. Third generation solar cells include photoelectrochemical or dyesensitized cells, organic cells and nanotechnology. A commonly used parameter that characterizes a solar cell is the fill factor, ff, which is defined as the ratio of p max to the area of the rectangle formed by v oc and i sc. On the basis of the cost problem, we have developed new solar cells based on organic and organicinorganic hybrid materials. When photon hits solar cell, its energy breaks apart electronhole pairs. The basic characteristics of a solar cell are the shortcircuit current i sc, the opencircuit voltage v oc, the fill factor ff and the solar energy conversion efficiency.
The cell can be considered as a two terminal device which conducts like a diode in the dark and generates a photovoltage when charged by the sun. In that case, instead of having a welldefined propagation. A solar cell is an electronic device which directly converts sunlight into electricity. Currently, solar energy is recognized as one of the most promising options to address the issue 1,2. An i v curve test circuit and typical i v curve produced by the circuit are shown below. First and second generation solar cells use pn monojunctions or heterojunctions to separate charge carriers. A simple solar cell experiment the following experiment was performed using a commercial polycrystalline silicon solar cell with an active area of 8. The solar cell produce electricity while light strikes on it. The internally generated heat in the solar cell is calculated according to the equivalent circuit diagram, shown at the beginning of the reference page, in the solarinduced current section. Critical factors that affecting efficiency of solar cells. Their working principles di er signi cantly from those of rst and second generation cells. Denis ar con ljubljana, may 2011 abstract this seminar is a short overview of current photovoltaics. Pnjunction diode when the junction is illuminated, a net current flow takes place in an external lead connecting the ptype and ntype. Schematic diagram of the band structure of a heterojunction organic solar cell.
Solar cells convert the solar radiation directly into elec tricity using photovoltaic cell or the so called solar cells generate electromotive force as a result of absorption of. Light shining on the solar cell produces both a current and a voltage to generate electric power. To study the characteristics of solar cell to study the. This process requires firstly, a material in which the absorption of light raises an electron to a higher energy state. Under standard test conditions with solar irradiance wm2, t25 o c and air mass ratio of 1. Journal of applied engineering science 1420164 figure 2. Characteristics of a solar cell and parameters of a solar. Switch on the lamp to expose the light on solar cell. Current, voltage and power curves a current i versus voltage v curve of a pv solar module a. The working of a solar cell solely depends upon its photovoltaic effect hence a solar cell also known as photovoltaic cell. Short circuit current, which is the maximum current a cell can give open circuit voltage,which is the maximum voltage a cell can have efficiency fill factor which is the ratio of maximum power by the. Solar cells are a promising and potentially important technology and are the future of sustainable energy for the human civilization.
Typical representation of an iv curve, showing shortcircuit. A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. We give the upper limit to the solar cell e ciency. Iva curve shows the possible combinations of its current and voltage outputs. In most cases, semiconductor is used for solar cell material. A solar cell is a semiconductor pn junction diode as shown in figure 1. This type of cell is widely used in photographic exposure meters, photometers and illumination meters etc.
The main advantage of this cell is that it requires no external voltage for its operation. Apparatus for characteristic study of solar cell model no. Effects of temperature and internal resistances on cell efficiency 7. Pdf photovoltaic cell and module iv characteristic. The influence of both the diode saturation current density and of i sc on v oc, ff and. However, there are ambivalent views about solar, or photovoltaic, cells ability to supply a significant amount of energy relative to global needs.
The working principle of a solar cell tu delft ocw. Understanding the currentvoltage characteristics of. Vary the load resistance through band switch and note down the current and voltage readings every time in table 1. The maximum electrical power one solar cell can deliver at its standard test condition. It is the sum of the i 2 r losses for each of the resistors plus the losses in each of the diodes. In the sunlight, the solar panel charges the battery and also supplies the power to the load directly. Photovoltaics electrical characteristics solar power. Solar energy into electric energy takes place only when the light is falling on the cells of the solar panel.
The following are the different types of solar cells. Therefore in most practical applications, the solar panels are used to charge the lead acid or nickelcadmium batteries. Two meters mounted on the front panel to measure the solar cell voltage and current. This apparatus allows students in introductory physics course to plot iv characteristics of a solar cell by a simple experiment. A study on the electrical characteristic analysis of csi. Solar cell characterization apparatus iv characteristics. The large surface area indicated in light blue is exposed to incident light energy. Pdf the aim of this work was to introduce new ways to model the iv characteristic of a photovoltaic pv cell or pv module using straight lines and. It possible to calculate the iv characteristics of the solar cell by considering. To plot the vi characteristics of the solar cell and hence determine the fill factor. Some of the parameters of the combined block are different as. Aoshike 10pcs 5v 60ma epoxy solar panel polycrystalline solar cell for solar battery charger diy 68x37mm2. The overwhelming majority of solar cells are fabricated from silicon with increasing efficiency and lowering cost as the materials range from amorphous noncrystalline to polycrystalline to.
The effect of light on the currentvoltage characteristics of a pn junction. In typical solar cell applications there is about 1 dopant atom for every 5,000,000 silicon atoms. Apply a solution of titanium dioxide to the plates. Study of iv characteristic of a solar cell illuminated by an incandescent lamp, at different. Solar cell iv characteristic curves show the current and voltage iv characteristics of a particular photovoltaic pv cell, module or array giving a detailed.
Schematic diagram of the band structure of an organic solar cell having only one material in the active layer and di. Output characteristics of solar cells the output characteristics of solar cells are expressed in the form of an i v curve. In this video we will study the characteristics of solar cell. Kiran ranabhat an introduction to solar cell technology, 405. Basic characteristics and characterization of solar cells. Remove the quartz boat with the solid, white, phosplus tp. When an atom like phosphorus, with more than four bonding electrons, is used to dope silicon, the resulting crystal material is called ntype silicon. Now, when this two type of silicon interact, an electric field forms at the junction which prevents more electrons to move to pside. A photovoltaic module pv module, which consists of a number. Allow the titanium dioxide to cover the conductivesidedown plate. Hoedsc01 is an effective tool for evaluating the characteristics of solar cell. A photodiode works on a narrow range of wavelength while solar cells need to.
Ee462l, power electronics, solar power, iv characteristics. Characteristics of photovoltaic solar cells analog. Apr 01, 2020 solar cell converts light energy into the electrical energy. Pyungho choi, hyojung kim, dohyun baek, and byoungdeog choi. Pdf method to determine the single curve iv characteristic. Solar cell characteristics file exchange matlab central. Impact of the light intensity variation on the performance of. Many notions presented in this chapter will be new but nonetheless the general idea of how a solar cell works should be clear. Fundamental properties of solar cells, principles and. Measurement of short circuit current iesc with biasing the solar cell and compare it with the theoretical value obtained from current voltage characteristics. Whether you are looking for general insight in this green technology or your ambition is to pursue a career in solar, introduction to solar cells is an excellent starting point. So, the solar cell costs expensive according to other energy resources products. In this robotic world you need both science as well.
This article describes the latest information achievement in the field of solar cells solar cell efficiency tables version 48 containing the latest efficiency. An experiment to measure the ivcharacteristics of a silicon. The solar cell was finished with a gold cathode by thermal evaporation under low pressure active area 0. Characteristics of solar cell fill factor experiment. Solar panels characteristics current, voltage and power curves of a solar pv panel. Application of pn junctions within solar cells is discussed. The voltage u can become as high as the diffusion potential u.
Understanding the pn junction university of new south wales. The theoretical studies are of practical use because they predict the fundamental limits of a solar cell, and give guidance on the phenomena that contribute to losses and solar cell efficiency. Breitenstein max planck institute of microstructure physics, 2 weinberg, d. The figure below shows 2 solar modules solarex msx60 connected in parallel, and a combined block that models 2 modules. Alternative methods of solar energy are discussed in part v. A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device which generates electricity directly from visible light. The theory of solar cells explains the process by which light energy in photons is converted into electric current when the photons strike a suitable semiconductor device. Nov 08, 2011 solar cell efficiency the efficiency of a solar cell sometimes known as the power conversion efficiency, or pce, and also often abbreviated. The course is a tour through the fundamental disciplines including solar cell history, why we need solar energy, how solar cells produce power, and how they work. Solar cell mounted on the front panel in a metal box with connections brought out on terminals.
A solar module can be seen as a black box that with two connectors, producing a current, i, at a voltage, u. In other cases, several identical solar modules are connected in parallel to form a solar array. One can use a solar module block to model the solar array. For the purpose of the electrical characteristics of a solar cell, the inside of that black box can be described by an electric cicuit with only 4components. Ee462l, power electronics, solar power, iv characteristics version january 31, 2012 page 1 of 29 report details choose any of the solar stations, but take your measurements only when the short circuit current is at least 3. The other part of a solar cell is doped with the element boron with 3 electrons in its outer shellto become ptype silicon. Basic characteristics and characterization of solar cells materials. Set the distance between solar cell and lamp in such a way that current meter shows 250 a deflections. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics,such as current,voltage,or resistance,vary when exposed to light. The basic characteristics of a solar cell are the shortcircuit current isc, the opencircuit voltage voc, the fill factor ff and the solar energy conversion.
E g, v oc, j sc, ff and z of single junction solar cells ignoring the series and shunt resistances. Solar cells are usually coated with antireflective materials so that they absorb the maximum amount of light energy. It is shown in the vi characteristics of solar cell by p m. Before applying the titanium dioxide solution, you may first want to. All preparation steps have been conducted in the air under controlled humidity conditions r. Put 2 drops on the conductive side up plate, then spread it evenly over the plate surface. Solar cell is the basic unit of solar energy generation system where electrical energy is extracted directly from light energy without any intermediate process.
It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics,such as current,voltage,or. Solar cell is the basic unit of solar energy generation system where electrical energy is. If we draw the vi characteristics of a solar cell maximum power will occur at the bend point of the characteristic curve. The photovoltaic generation of electric energy from solar.
A commonly used parameter that characterizes a solar cell is the fill factor, ff, which is defined as the ratio of p max to the area of the rectangle formed by voc and i sc. Abstracta study on the electrical characteristic analysis of solar cell diodes under experimental conditions of varying temperature and frequency has been conducted. The efficiency of a solar cell is the ratio of the electrical power it delivers to the load, to the optical power incident on the cell. The working principle of a solar cell in this chapter we present a very simple model of a solar cell. Solar cells technical handbook 98 99 pdf file technical handbook notice to readers it is the responsibility of each user to ensure that each battery application system is adequately designed safe and compatible with all conditions encountered during use, and in conformance with existing standards and requirements. In this file iv and pv characteristics are shown for three value of temperature and irradiation. Jan 22, 2020 link of solar cell construction, principle, working, vi characteristics video. Textured interfaces most interfaces in the solar cell have a surface texture to reduce reflection losses and to scatter incident light. Although this is basically a junction diode, but constructionally it is littlebit different form conventyional pn junction diode. It utilizes photovoltaic effect to convert light energy into electrical energy. Understanding the currentvoltage characteristics of industrial crystalline silicon solar cells by considering inhomogeneous current distributions invited paper o. A typical iv curve and power curve of a solar cell fig 4. Experimental arrangement for solar cell characteristics apparatus.
Solar energy is tenuous, undependable, and expensive beyond practicality. A complete bulk heterojunction organic solar cell is pictured in figure 5. The solar cell system we developed in this project is dyesensitized solar cell, composed of the tio 2 layer acting as the electron carrier and the organic dye layer acting. In chapter 21, which is the last chapter of the regular text, we discuss solar fuels, which allow to store solar energy on the long term in the form of chemical energy. The efficiency of conversion of solar cell depends mainly on internal quantum efficiency of solar cell and on parasitic resistances. In addition to reflecting the performance of the solar cell itself, the efficiency depends on the spectrum and intensity of the incident sunlight and the temperature of the solar cell. J 01 j 02 rp rs b 1 b 2 v ja v image by mit opencourseware.
In chapter 20 we introduce different concepts related to solar thermal energy. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed to light individual solar cell devices can be. Various photovoltaic pv solar cell technologies are currently being developed in three. Understanding the currentvoltage characteristics of industrial. All the aspects presented in this chapter will be discussed in greater detail in the following chapters. Perovskite solar cell psc materials a perovskite solar cell, that was first reported by. A study on the electrical characteristic analysis of csi solar cell diodes.
A solar cell also called photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed. The iv curve is produced by varying rl load resistance from zero to infinity and measuring the current and voltage along the way. The air mass represents the proportion of atmosphere that the light must pass through before striking the earth relative to its overhead path length. For most solar cell measurement, the spectrum is standardised to the am1. Oct 26, 2014 to show the change in iv characteristics of solar cell with temperature and irradiation.